Savings in clinker production
• thermal efficiency
• savings from waste fuels (“alternative fuels”)
• use of decarbonated raw materials
• use of hydrogen as a fuel

Efficiency in concrete production
• optimised mix design
• optimisation of constituents
• continue to industrialise manufacturing
• quality control

Decarbonisation of electricity
• decarbonisation of electricity used at both cement plants and in concrete production

CO2 sink: recarbonation
• natural uptake of CO2 in concrete – a carbon sink

Efficiency in design and construction
• client brief to designers to enable optimisation
• design optimisation
• construction site efficiencies
• re-use and lifetime extension

Savings in cement and binders
• Portland clinker cement substitution. Also expressed through clinker binder ratio
• alternatives to Portland clinker cements

Carbon capture and utilisation/storage
• carbon capture at cement plants